Gem Reference Table | 1001 Rare Gemstones

Gem Stone Name:

Crystal System:

Chemical Composition:

Refractive Index

Birefringence:

Optic Sign

Optic character

S.G:

Pleochrism:

Country of Origin:

Actinolite

Hexagonal

Ca2(Mg,Fe++)

5Si8O22(OH)2.

1.618 – 1.641

3.0 – 3.2

5 — 6

Burma (Myanmar) ,Tanzania

ActinoliteCat Eye

Hexagonal

Ca2(Mg,Fe++)5Si8O22(OH)2.

1.618 – 1.641

3.0 – 3.2

6 — 6

ActinoliteCeylon(Sri Lanka)

Hexagonal

Ca2(Mg,Fe++)5Si8O22(OH)2.

1.618 – 1.641

3.0 – 3.2

7 — 6

Ceylon (Sri Lanka)

ActinoliteTanzania

Hexagonal

Ca2(Mg,Fe++)5Si8O22(OH)2.

1.618 – 1.641

3.0 – 3.2

8 — 6

Tanzania

Adamite

Orthorhomic

Zinc 45.61 % Zn56.78 % ZnO

1.72 – 1.76

4.32 – 4.48

3.5

Mexico

Aeschynite

Orthorhomic

(Nd,Ce,Ca)(Ti,Nb)2(O,OH)6

2.20 – 2.40

5.19

5 — 6

Norway

Afghanite

Hexagonal

(Si,Al)12O24(SO4,Cl,CO3)3•

(H2O).

1.7 to 1.799

0-0150 to 0.0159

2.56 – 2.65

5.5 – 6

pale blue

Afghanistan

Agate

Hexagonal

SiO2

1.53 – 1.55

0.005 – 0.009

2.60

none

Mexico

AgateBanded

Hexagonal

SiO2

1.53 – 1.55

0.005 – 0.009

2.60

none

Mexico

AgateDendritic

Hexagonal

SiO2

1.53 – 1.55

0.005 – 0.009

2.60

none

Turkey, Brazil

Agate Moss

Hexagonal

SiO2

1.53 – 1.55

0.005 – 0.009

2.60

none

Brazil

Albite

Triclinic

NaAlSi3O8

1.52 to 1.54

0.011

Positive

3.5 – 3.84

6 – 6.5

Kenya, India

AlbiteCateye

Triclinic

NaAlSi3O8

1.52 to 1.55

3.5 – 3.84

6 – 6.5

Kenia, India

Alexandrite

Orthorhomic

BeAl2O4

1.747 – 1.757

3.5 – 3.84

8.5

Brazil,

AlexandriteCat Eye

Orthorhomic

BeAl2O4

1.747 – 1.758

3.5 – 3.85

9.5

Brazil

Allanite

Monoclinic

(Ce)

1.74

2.89

pale blue

Amherst Virginia U.S.A.

Alunite

Trigonal

KAl3(SO4)2

(OH)6.

1.56

0.015

2.7 – 2.80

3.5 – 4

Brazil

Amazonite

Triclinic

KAlSi3O8

1.514 – 1.539

2.56 – 2.58

6 – 6.5

Pikes Peak, Teller County, Colorado USA

Amber

Amorphous

[C,H,O]

1.54

1.05 – 1.10

2 – 2.5

Baltic Sea

Amblygonite

Triclinic

(Li,Na)Al(PO4)(F,OH).

1.611 – 1.637

5.015 – 3.033

Celon (Sri Lanka), Burma (Myanmar) Brazil

Ammolite

Fossilized, Mineralized

(CaCO3)

1.52 – 1.68

1.55

2.7

4.5 – 5.5

None

Analcite

Cubic

NaAlSi2O6 – H2O

1.487

0.015

2.24 – 2.29

5 – 5.5

Anatase

Trigonal

TiO2.

2.493 – 2.554

0.061

Negitive

3.82 – 3.95

5.5 – 6

Switzerland, Brazil

Andalusite

Orthorhomic

Al2SiO5 = Al[6]Al[5]OSiO4

1.634 – 1.644

1.641 – 1.648

0.007 – 0.011

Negitive

3.15 – 3.17

7.5

Brazil,Sri Lanka.

Andesine

Triclinic

Na0,7-0,5 Ca0,3-0,5Al1,3-1,5 Si2,7-2,5 O8

1.543 – 1.554

2.68 – 2.71

Congo

Anglesite

Orthorhomic

PbSO4.

1.87 – 1.89

6.40

2.5 – 3

Morocco

Anhydrite

Monoclinic

CaSO4.

1.571 – 1.614

2.899 – 2.985

Peru

Anothite

Triclinic

CO2

1.7 – 1.788

0.015

2.60

Brazil

Apatite

Hexagonal

Ca5(PO4)3

(OH,F,Cl)

1.63 – 1.64

0.002

Negitive

3.17 – 3.23

Mixico, Brazil, U.S.A. Canada Madagascar.Myanmar, Brazil, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Tanzania, Zimbabwe

Apatite withActinolite

Hexagonal

Ca5(PO4)3

(OH,F,Cl)

1.63-1.64

0.002

Negitive

3.17-3.23

Pakinstan

Apatite Purple

Hexagonal

Ca5(PO4)3

(OH,F,Cl).

1.63 – 1.64

3.17 – 3.23

Main U.S.A.

Apophyllite

Tetragonal

NaCa4Si8O20F•

8(H2O).

1.535 – 1.537

0.002

Pos/Neg

2.30 – 2.50

4.5 – 5

India

Aragonite

Monoclinic

CaCO3

1.530 – 1.685

2.93 – 2.95

3.5 – 4

Morocco

Arfedsonite

Monoclinic

Na3Mg4Fe+(Si8O22)OH)2

1.652 – 1.699

1.666 – 1.708

0.014

3.17

5.5 – 6

Namibia, Tanzania, Czechoslovakia,

Augite

Monoclinic

(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al,Ti)(Si,Al)2O6

1-680 – 1.703

1.706-1.729

0.026

3.20 – 3.6

5 – 6.5

Italy, Brazil

Augelite

Monoclinic

Al 2(P O 4)(O H )3.

1.57 – 1.58

0.014

Positive

2.69

4.5 – 5

California, U.S.A

Axinite

Trigonal

CaCO3.

1.675 – 1.685

0.01

Negitive

3.27 – 3.29

Namibia, Tanzania, Czechoslovakia,

Azurite

Monoclinic

Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2.

1.73 – 1.84

0.11

Positive

3.77 – 3.89

3.5 – 4

S.W.Africa

Baddeleyite

Monoclinic

Zr O2

2.13 -2.20

5.74

6.5

Ceyon ( Sri Lanka )

Bahianite

Monoclinic

Al5Sb3O14(OH)2

1.810 – 1.920

0.01

4.89 – 5.46

Brazil

Barite

Orthorhomic

BaSO4.

1.636 – 1.648

4.3 – 4.6

3 — 4

Namibia, Kenya, U.S.A. Canada, United Kingdom, France, Norway,

Barrerite

Orthorhomic

(Na,K,Ca)

2Al2Si7O18•6(H2O)

1.478. 1.493

2.13

3 — 4

Alaska

Bastnäsite

Hexagonal

(Y, Ce)CO 3 F

1.717 – 1.722

1.818 – 1.823

4.95 – 5

4 — 5

Pakistan

Bayldonite

Monoclinic

(Cu, Zn)3Pb(AsO4)2

(OH)2

1.7 – 1.799

0.015

5.24 – 5.65

4.5

St Hilary. County Canada

Bemenite

Orthorhomic

Cu3Pb(AsO4)

2-H2O

1.7 -1.799

0.015

4.5 – 5

Erie County, Ohio. U.S.A.

Benitoite

Tetragonal

BaTiSi3O9

1.757 – 1.804

0.047

Positive

2.63 – 2.80

6.5

U.S.A.

Beryl Aquarine

Hexagonal

Be3Al2SiO6

1.570 – 1.575

1.580 – 1.586

0.014

2.68 – 2.71

7.5

Brazil, Madagascar, India Ukraine, India, Kenya, Namibia, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, Nigeria Myanam

Beryl Goshenite

Hexagonal

Be3Al2SiO6

1.570 – 1.575

1.580 – 1.586

0.014

2.68 – 2.71

7.5

Brazil, Madagascar, India Ukraine, India, Kenya, Namibia, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, Nigeria Myanam

Beryl Bixbite

Hexagonal

Be3Al2(SiO3)6

1.577 – 1.583

0.017

2.63 – 2.80

7.5

Brazil, Madagascar, India Ukraine, India, Kenya, Namibia, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, Nigeria Myanam

Beryl Emerlad

Hexagonal

Be3Al2(SiO3)6

1.577 – 1.571

0.006

2.69

7.5

Brazil, Madagascar, India Ukraine, India, Kenya, Namibia, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, Nigeria Myanam

Beryl EmerladTrapachie

Hexagonal

Be3Al2(SiO3)6

1.577 – 1.572

2.63 – 2.80

7.5

Brazil, Madagascar, India Ukraine, India, Kenya, Namibia, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, Nigeria Myanam

Beryl Heliodor

Hexagonal

Be3Al2SiO6

1.57

0.015

2.63 – 2.80

7.5

Brazil, Madagascar, India Ukraine, India, Kenya, Namibia, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, Nigeria Myanam

Beryl Maxixe

Hexagonal

Be3Al2SiO6

1.570 – 1.577

2.63 – 2.80

7.5

Beryl Morganite

Hexagonal

Be3Al2SiO7

1.580 – 1.590

1.590 – 1.600

0.008 – 0.009

2.63 – 2.80

7.5

Brazil, Madagascar, India Ukraine, India, Kenya, Namibia, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, Nigeria Myanam

Beryllonite

Monoclinic

NaBePO4.

1.553 – 1.562

0.009

Negative

2.80 -2.85

U.S.A

Betafite

Cubic

(Ca,Na,U)2 (Ti,Nb,Ta)2O6 (OH)

1.92

Positive

3.00 – 5.50

5 – 5.5

Madagascar

Black Diamond

Cubic

2.417 – 2.419

3.52

Africe, Anglo, U.S.S.R.

Bloedite

Monoclinic

Na2 Mg (SO4)2 4H2 O

1.48

2 .5 – 3

2.5

Soda Lake, San Luis Obispo County U.S.A.

Boleite

Cubic

Pb26 Ag10 Cu24 +2 Cl62 (OH)48 3H2 O

2.04 – 2.09

5.50

3 – 3.5

England, Czech Republic, China,

Boracite

Cubic

Mg3B7O13Cl

1.66 – 1.67

2.96

United Kindom

Brazilianite

Monoclinic

NaAl3(PO4)2

(OH)4,

1.603 – 1.623

0.020

Positive

2.98 – 2.99

5.5

Brazil

Brookite

Orthorhomic

TiO2.

2.583 -2.705

0.122

5.5 -6

United Kindom

Brucite

Trigonal

Mg (OH)2

1.55 – 1.60

U.S.A

Burbankite

Hexagonal

(Na,Ca)3(Sr,Ba

1.615 – 1.627

3.77

Arkansa U.S.A.

Bustamite

Trigonal

(Mn,Ca)

1.64 – 1.71

3.0 – 3.4

5 –6

Mine, Broken Hill, Australia

Bytownite

Trigonal

Mg (OH)2

2.74 – 2.75

2.74 – 2.76

6 — 6.5

Mexico

Calcite

Trigonal

mCa Al2 Si2 O8

1.486 – 1.658

0.172

Negative

2.71

Kenya, , Russia, U.S.A. Spain, Mexico, United Kindon, Canada,

Cancrinite

Tetragonal

Na6Ca2Al6Si6

O24(CO3)2. .

1.2 – 3

2.4 – 2.5

5 –6

Canada

Cassiterite

Tetragonal

SnO2

2.003 – 2.101

6.80

6.5

Tanzania, Australia, United Kindon,Bolivia,Namibia, Sri Lanka, Pura, China

Cavansite

Orthorhombic

Ca(VO)Si4O10•

4(H2O). = 451.42

1.54 – 1.55

2.33

3 — 4

U.S.A

Celestine

Orthorhombic

SrSO4.

1.625 – 1.635

0.01

Positiv

3.95 – 3.97

3.5

Namibia, Madagascar, Switzerland

Cerussite

Orthorhomic

PbCO3.

2.7

0.015

3.5

Namibia, Morocco

Chabazite

Trigonal

(K2,Ca,Na2,Mg)[Al2Si4O12]•

6(H2O).

1.2 – 3

2.0 – 2.2

4 — 5

Barkers Hill, Mont Belvieu, Chambers County, Texas, USA

Chalcanthite

Trigonal

Cu+2 SO4 5H2 O

1.51 – 1.54

2.2 – 2.3

2.5

Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, American. Poland

Chalcedony

Tetragonal

SiO2.

1.56 – 1.59

0.004

Negative

2.58 – 2.62

Congo, The Democratic Republic Of The, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Chambersite

Orthorhomic

Mn3B7O13Cl

1.732 – 1.744

3.48

Barbers Hill Salt Dome / Mont Belvieu / Chambers County / Texas / USA …

Charlesite

Trigonal

Ca6(Al,Si)2(SO4)

2B(OH)4(OH,O)12•26(H2O).

1.2 – 3

1.79

2.5

Franklin and Sterling Hill, Sussex County USA

Charoite

Monoclinic

K (Ca,Na)2 Si4 O10 (OH,F)

1.55 – 1.59

2.60

RIV. CHARO, MASSIF DE MURUN, ALDAN, YAKOUTIE; Country Russia

Chatoyant Pietersite

Orthorhombic

(Mg,Fe)2SiO4

1.654

3.34

China and Namibia,Africa

Childrenite

Orthorhombic

Fe++Al(PO4)(OH)2•(H2O).

1.7 – 1.799

0.015

Brazil

Chlorastrolite

Trigonal

Ca2(Al, Mg

1.2 -3

U.S.A

Chondrodite

Monoclinic

(Mg,Fe++)5(SiO4)

2(F,OH)2.

1.6

Positive

3.1 – 3.2

6.5

Mogok / Sagaing Distr. / Mandalay / Myanmar

Chromite

Isometric

Fe++Cr2O4

1.2 – 3

4.5 – 4.8

U.S.A

Chrome Grandite Garnet

cubic

3.6

6-6.5

Chrysoberyl

Orthorhomic

BeAl2O4

1.7 – 1.799

0.015

Positive

3.7 – 3.72

8.5

Brazil, Ceylon (Sri Lanka)

Chrysoberyl Cat Eye

Orthorhomic

BeAl2O4

1.7 – 1.799

0.015

Positive

3.7 – 3.72

8.5

Brazil, Ceylon (Sri Lanka)

Chrysocolla

Amorphous

(MnCO2)

1.5

0.015

2 — 4

Porterville, Tulare County, Calif.USA

Chrysophase

Hexagonal

SiO2

1.53 -1.54

0.004

2.58 – 2.64

U.S.A

Cinnabar

Trigonal

HgS

3.2

8.998

2 – 2.5

China

Clinohumite

Isometric

(Mg,Fe++)9(SiO4)

4(F,OH)2.

1.625 – 1.668

Italy

Clinozoisite

Monoclinic

(SiO4)3(OH) = Ca2AlAl2(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH).

1-72 – 1.73

0.01

Positive

3.37

6.5

Mexico, Kenya, U.S.A.

Cobaltocalcite

Hexagonal

(Ca,Co)CO3.

1.60 – 1.855

4.13

Spain

Columbite

Orthorhomic

FeNb2O5-FeTaO5-MnNb2O5-MnTa2O5

1.8

Colemanite

Monoclinic

Ca2B6O11•

5(H2O).

1.58 – 1.61

0.028

Positive

2.42

4.5

DEATH VALLEY, INYO CO., California USA

Copal

Amorphous

1.2 – 3

Coral

from the ocean

1.678 – 1.772

1.76

0.008

2.70

3.5

Cornelian

Trigonal

SiO2

1.543 – 1.552

New Zealand

Corundum

Trigonal

TiO2

1.77

Burma, Ceylon, Africa

Covellite

Hexagonal

CuS

1.2 – 3

4.6 – 4.8

Rio Grande County, Colorado.U.S.A.

Creedite

Monoclinic

Ca3Al2(SO4)(F,OH)10•2(H2O).

1.46 -1.48

Czech Republic

Crocidolite

Monoclinic

(O, OH,

2.36

Africa

Crocoite

Monoclinic

PbCrO4

2.36

2.5 – 3

Australia

Cryolite

Monoclinic

Na3 Al F6

1.338

Denmark

Crysocolla

Tetragonal

Cu2(CO3)(OH)2.

1.662

2.10

United Kindom

Cuprite

Cubic

Cu2O

2.84

Namibia, Australia.

Danburite

Orthorhomic

CaB2(SiO4)2.

1.630 – 1.636

0.006

Negitive

U.S.A, Sri Lanka

Datolite

Monoclinic

CaBSiO4(OH).

1.625 – 1.669

0.044

Negitive

2.90 – 3.00

U.S.A.

Diamond

Cubic

2.42

3.52

Africa & Russia

Diaspore

Tetragonal

MnO

1.2 – 3

0.030

Positive

3.29

5.5

Turkey

Diopside

Monoclinic

CaMgSi2O6

1.67 – 1.70

0.030

Positive

3.29

5.5

India, Austria

Diopside Star

Monoclinic

CaMgSi2O6

1.67 – 1.70

India

Diotase

Trigonal

CuSiO2(OH)2.

1.644 – 1.692

1.658 – 1.709

0.053

Positive

3.28 – 3.35

Tsumeb S.W.Africa

Dipyre

Tetragonal

Fe2O3

1.502 – 1.681

U.S.A.

Dolomite

Trigonal

CaMg(CO3)2.

1.50 – 1.67

Spain

Dravite

Trigonal

Na(Al,Fe,Li,Mg

1.61 – 1.66

Austrialia

Dumortierite

Orthorhomic

(BO3)(SiO4)

3(O,OH)3

1.68

3.26 – 3.41

Lyon France

Dunilite

Orthorhomic

(Ca,Na)2 (Al, Mg, Fe2+ Fe+3)6 (Si,B,Al)6 O20

1.7 – 1.72

0.03

3.46

7.5

ceylon (Sri Lanka)

Durangite

Monoclinic

NaAl(AsO4)F.

2.09

U.S.A.

Ekanite

Amorphous

ThCa2Si8O20.

1.56 – 1.59

3.28

6 – 6.5

Ceylon (Sri Lanka)

Elbaite

Trigonal

(BO3)3Si6O18(OH)4.

1.635 – 1.650

Brazil

Endlichite

Hexagonal

As]04)3Cl.

2.350-2.416

0.066

6.8 – 7.1

3 – 4

Moroco

Enstatite

Orthorhomic

(Mg 2Si 2O 6)

1.663 – 1.673

0.01

Positive

3.26 – 3.28

5.5

Germany, Norway

Epidote

Monoclinic

(SiO4)3(OH) = Ca2(Fe,Al)Al2(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH).

1.736 – 1.770

0.034

Negative

3.25 – 3.50

6.5

France, United Kindon

Epidote Chrome

Monoclinic

(SiO4)3(OH) = Ca2(Fe,Al)Al2(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH).

1.736 – 1.770

France, United Kindon

Ettringite

Hexagonal

Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12•26(H2O).

1.47 – 1.49

1.77

2-2.5

ALLEMAGNE

Euclase

Monoclinic

BeAlSiO4(OH).

1.652 – 1.672

0.02

3.18

7.5

Brazil

Euxenite

Orthorhomic

(Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th) (Nb,Ta,Ti)2 O6

Madagascar

Feldspar Bytownite

Triclinic

(Ca,Na)(Si,Al)4O8

1.56-1.58

DURANGO, MEXICO

Feldspar Spectrlite

Triclinic

Canada

Feldspar Albite

Triclinic

NaAlSi3O8

Iraqi, U.S.A.

Feldspar Labrodorite

Triclinic

Na0,5-0,3 Ca0,5-0,7 Al1,5-1,7 Si2,5-2,3 O8

1.55-1.57

U.S.A

Feldspar Oligoclase

Triclinic

(Na,Ca)(Si,Al)4O8

1.522 – 1.527

U.S.A

Feldspar Sunstone

Triclinic

(Na, Ca) Al 1-2 Si 3-2 O8

1.52 – 1.53

1.53 – 1.54

0.008

U.S.A.

Fibrolite

Orthorhomic

Al2SiO5

1.66 – 1-68

0.02

Positive

3.25

7.5

Celon (Sri Lanka), Burma (Myanmar)

Fibrolite Cat Eye

Orthorhomic

1.434

0.02

Positive

3.25

Celon (Sri Lanka), Burma (Myanmar)

Fluorite ( Belgium)

Cubic

CaF₂

1.434

3.18

Belgium

Fluorite ( Burma)

Cubic

CaF₂

1.434

3.18

Burma

Fluorite ( Canada)

Cubic

CaF₂

1.434

3.18

Canada

Fluorite ( China)

Cubic

CaF₂

1.434

3.18

China

Fluorite ( England)

Cubic

CaF₂

1.434

3.18

England

Fluorite ( Germany)

Cubic

CaF₂

1.434

3.18

Germany

Fluorite ( Mexico)

Cubic

CaF₂

1.434

3.18

Mexico

Fluorite ( Namibia)

Cubic

CaF₂

1.434

3.18

Namibia

Fluorite ( Pink Switzerland)

Cubic

CaF₂

1.434

3.18

Switzerland

Fluorite ( Tanzania )

Cubic

CaF₂

1.434

3.18

U.S.A.

Fluorite ( U.S.A.)

Cubic

CaF₂

1.434

3.18

U.S.A.

Fluorite (Afghanistan)

Cubic

CaF₂

1.434

3.18

Afghanistan

Fluoro Richterite

Gadolinite

(CaNa)Mg5[Si8O22]F2.

2.9 – 3.3

5 –6

Italy

Forsterite

Orthorhomic

Mg2SiO4.

6.5 -7

6.5-7

Italy

Franklinite

Isometric

(Zn,Mn++,Fe++)(Fe+++,Mn+++)2O4.

2.36

5.0 – 5.2

New Jersey

Friedelite

Trigonal

Mn8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10.

1.63 – 1.66

0.03

Negitive

3.05 – 3.07

4 –5

U.S.A.

Gadolinite

(Ce,La,Nd,Y)2 Fe+2 Be2 Si2 O10

1.77 – 1.82

4.0 – 4.7

6.5 -7

Texas U.S.A.

Gahnite

Cubic

ZnAl2O4

1.79

4.55 -4.6

7.5 – 8

U.S.A.

Garnet Almandite

Cubic

Fe3Al2Si3O12

1.76

4.30

6.5 -7.5

India, Sri Lanka

Garnet Andradite

Cubic

Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3

3.80

6.5 – 7.5

Korea, Terkey

Garnet Blue

Cubic

Sri Lanka

Garnet Chrome Grandite

Cubic

1.760 – 1780

Mali

Garnet Color Change

Cubic

Sri Lanka,

Garnet Demantoid

Cubic

Ca3Fe2Si3O12

1.89

3.82 – 3.85

6 — 7

Italy, U.S.S.R, Tanzania

Garnet Demantoid Turky

Cubic

Ca3Fe2Si3O12

1.81

3.82 – 3.93

6 — 7

Turkey

Garnet Grossularite

Cubic

Ca3Al2Si3O12

1.72

3.50

6.5 – 7

Tanzania

Garnet Hessonite

Cubic

Ca3Al2Si3O12

1.742 – 1.748

3.65

7¼

Canada, Tanzanite,

Garnet Hydrogrossular

Cubic

Zn3(CO3,SO4)(OH)4.

1.81

4.15

7 – 7.5

Tokatoka New Zealand

Garnet Melenite

Cubic

Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3

U.S.A.

Garnet Pyrope

Cubic

Ca3Al2Si3O12

1.73 – 1.75

3.50

7¼

India

Garnet Rhodolite

Cubic

Ca3Al2Si3O12

1.76

3.84

7¼

Africa, Tanzania

Garnet Spessarite

Cubic

Ca3Al2Si3O12

1.79 – 1.81

4.18

7¼

Sri Lanka

Garnet Star

Cubic

Ca3Al2Si3O12

7¼

Idaho U.S.A.

Garnet Topazolite

Cubic

Ca3Al2Si3O12

7¼

U.S.A.

Garnet Tsavorite

Cubic

Ca3Al2Si3O12

7½

Africa

Garnet Uvarovite

Cubic

Ca3Al2Si3O12

1.87

3.41 – 3.52

7¼

Finland

Gaspeite

Trigonal

(Ni,Mg,Fe++)CO3.

1.61 – 1.83

3.70

4.5 – 5

Australia

Gaylussite

Monoclinic

Na2Ca(CO3)2•5(H2O).

1.444 – 1.516

1.523

1.9 – 2

2 — 3

Borax Lake, Lake County and China Lake, Kern County,

Genthelvite

Isometric

Zn4Be3(SiO4)3S.

1.742

3.7

6 . 6.5

Mont Saint-Hilaire / Rouville County / Quebec / Canada

Godolinite

(Ce,La,Nd,Y)2 Fe+2 Be2 Si2 O10

Goethite

Othorhombic

Fe+++O(OH).

2.26 -2.39

3.3 – 4.3

5.5 – 6

ALLEMAGNE

Goosecreekite

Monoclinic

Ca Al2 Si6 O16 5H2 O

1.49 -1.50

2.4 – 2.5

4 – 4.5

U.S.A

Gorgeyite

Monoclinic

K2Ca5(SO4)6•(H2O).

1.56 -1.58

2.95

3.5

China

Grandidierite

Othorhombic

(Mg,Fe++)Al3(BO4)(SiO4)O.

1.59 -1.63

3.16

Madagascar

Gypsum

Monoclinic

CaSO4•2(H2O).

1.519 -1.521

1.59 – 1.530

0.01

Positive

1.5 – 2.33

Kenya

Hackmanite

Cubic

Na8Al6Si6O24Cl2

1.2 – 3

2.27 -2.33

5 – 5.6

Montreal, Quebec

Hambergite

Othorhombic

Be2BO3(OH).

1.553 – 1.625

1.559 – 1.631

0.072

Positive

2.35

7.5

Madagascar

Hanksite

Hexagonal

KNa22(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl

2.50

3 -3.5

Afghanistan, Albania, Andorra, Anguilla, Antigua, Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia

Hauyn

Isometric

1.496 – 1.51

2.46 – 2.48

5.5 – 6

U.S.A

Hauynite

Cubic

Fe2O3

1.496

2.40 – 2.5

5 — 6

U.S.A

Hematite

Trigonal

Fe2O3.

2.78 – 3.01

4.95 – 5.16

6.5

United Kindom

Herderite

Monoclinic

CaBe(PO4)F

1.61

0.03

Positive

Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Heulandite

Monoclinic

(Ca,Na)2-3Al3(Al,Si)2Si13O36•12(H2O).

1.49 -1.51

2.1 – 2.3

3 — 4

Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, India

Hexagonite

Monoclinic

Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2.

1.60 – 1.63

2.9 – 3.1

5 — 6

Balmat, St. Lawrence County, NY USA

Hornblende Series

Monoclinic

CaNa(Mg,Fe) 4 (Al,Fe,Ti)

2 . 9 – 3.4

5 — 6

Czech

Howlite

Monoclinic

Ca2B5SiO9(OH)5.

1.59

0.02

Negative

2.58 –

3¼

Canada

Huebnerite

Monoclinic

MnWO4.

2.170 – 2.220

2.300 – 2.320

0.010- 0.020

Negative

3.4 – 3.5

5 — 6

Alpine County, California U.S.A.

Garnet Hydrogrossular

Cubic

Zn3(CO3,SO4)(OH)4.

1.81

4.15

7 – 7.5

Tokatoka New Zealand

Hydrozincite

Monoclinic

Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6

1.747

3.5 – 3.8

2 – 2.5

Nevada U.S.A.

Hypersthene

Othorhombic

(Mg,Fe)2Si2O6.

1.67 – 1.68

1.71 – 1.73

0.010 – 0.020

Negative

3.4 – 3.5

5 –6

United Kindon,

Hyalite

Amorphous

(SiO2).

2.1

5.5-6

Monument Valley Area, Utar, USA

Idocrase

Tetragonal

Ca10(Mg, Fe)2Al4(SiO4)5(Si2O7)2(OH,F)4

1.700 – 1.712

0.005

Neg/Pos

3.32 _ 3.47

6.5

U.S.A. Canada, Afghanistan, Albania

Iolite

Othorhombic

Mg2Al3O

1.53 – 1.54

1.54 – 1.55

0.008

Negative

2.55 – 2.66

7 – 7.5

India, Sri Lanka, Madagascar,Myanmar, Nepal,

Iron Pyrite

Othorhombic

FeS2

5.10

6 – 6.5

Elba Italy

Jade Jadeite

Monoclinic

Ca2(Mg, Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2

1.643 – 1.667

0.013

Positive

3.30- 3.36

6.50 -7

Burma (Myanmar)

Jade Nephrite

Monoclinic

Ca2(Mg, Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2

1.60 – 1.63

0.027

Negative

2.90 -3.02

6.5

China

Jasper

Trigonal

SiO2

1.54

3.58 -4.06

U.S.A.

Jasper Picture

Trigonal

SiO2

1.54

3.58 – 4.06

U.S.A.

Jeremejevite

Hexagonal

Al6B5O15(F,OH)3.

3.31

Erongo Mountains argentites, …

Jet

Amorphous

Organic Gemstone

1.64 -1.68

1.10 – 1.40

2 – 2.5

United Kingdom

Johachidolite

Orthorhombic

CaAlB3O7.

3.37

8 — 9

Byant Gyi, Pein Pyit

Kasolite

Monoclinic

Pb(UO2)SiO4•(H2O).

6.42

WORLD WIDE LOCATIONS

Kernite

Monoclinic

Na2B4O6(OH)2•3(H2O).

1.90

2.5 – 3

Pacific Coast Boron Mine, Boron, Kern County, California, USA

Kornerupine

Orthorhombic

(Mg,Fe++)4Al6(SiO4,BO4)5(O,OH)2.

1.665 – 1.678

1.668 – 1.680

0.013

Negative

3.27 – 3.45

6.5

Greenland, Ceylon (Sri – Lanka) Tanznia Burma (Myanmar)

Kornerupine Cateye

Orthorhombic

(Mg,Fe++)4Al6(SiO4,BO4)5(O,OH)2.

1.665 – 1.678

1.668 – 1.680

0.013

Negative

3.27 – 3.45

6.5

Greenland, Ceylon (Sri – Lanka) Tanznia Burma (Myanmar)

Kovdorskite

Monoclinic

Mg5(PO4)2(CO3)(OH)2•4.5(H2O).

2.60

Kheleznyi Mine, Kovdor

Kulanite

Monoclinic

(Fe++,Mn,Mg)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3

3.90

Canada

Kyanite

Triclinic

(Al2O3.SiO2)

1.715 -1726

1.732

0.017 – 0.020

Negative

3.65 – 3.69

7 across 5 along

Switzerland, U.S.A, India, Kenya

Kyanite Orange

Triclinic

(Al2O3.SiO2)

1.715 -1726

1.732

0.017 – 0.020

Negative

3.65 – 3.69

7 across 5 along

Tanzania

Labradorite

Triclinic

Na2O

1.560 – 1.568

2.70 – 2.74

6 – 6.5

Ihosy, Betroka district, Toliara Province, Madagascar

Lapis-Lazuli

Isometric

(Na,Ca)8(AlSiO4)6(S,SO4,Cl)1-2.

1.5

2.70 – 2.90

5.5

Badakshan, Afghanistan

Lazulite

Monoclinic

MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2.

1.615 – 1.645

3.10

5.5 – 6

Malo-Bystrinskoye lazurite deposit, Tunka Valley, Sludyanka, Lake Baikal Region

Leadhillite

Monoclinic

Pb4(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)2.

6.3 – 6.6

2.5 – 3

Leadhills, Lanark, Scotland.

Legrandite

Monoclinic

ZnO

4.5 – 5

Durango, Mexico.

Lepidolite

Monoclinic

K(Li,Al)3(Si,Al)4O10(F,OH)2.

1.55

0.026

Negative

2.8 – 2.9

2.5 – 2.9

Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Leucite

cubic

KAlSi2O6

1.51

2.47

5.5 – 6

Italy

Liddicoatite

Triagonal

1.62-1.63

3.05

7.5

Madagascar

Limonite

FeO(OH)·nH2O

2.260-2.398

2.9-4.3

4-4.5

Leucophanite

Triclinic

(Na,Ca)2BeSi2(O,OH,F)7.

3.86

Mont St. Hilaire Canada

Linarite

Monoclinic

PbCu(SO4)(OH)2

5.30

2.5

Unite Kingdom

Lithiophilite

Orthorhomic

LiMnPO4.

3.34

4 — 5

Capoeira Mine, near Parelhas, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

Ludlamite

Octahedral

Fe3O4

5.17-5.18

5.5-6.5

Mexico

Magnetite

Trigonal

Fe3O4

1.515 – 1.717

5.17-5.18

5.5-6.5

Mexico

Malachit

Monoclinic

Cu2(CO3)(OH)

1.65 – 1.90

0.25

Negative

3.74 – 3.95

S.W.Africa

Manganoan Adamite

Orthorhomic

Zn2(AsO4)(OH)

4.4 – 4.5

4.5

Mexico

Manganotantalite

Orthorhomic

Fe2O3

2.2 – 2.4

7.95

Sweden

Magnesio Axinite

trigonal

Ca MgAl BSi O(OH)

1.650-1.660

3.26-3.36

6.5-7

Marcasite

Orthorhomic

FeS2.

4.80

6 – 6.5

U.S.A

Maw Sit Sit

Monoclinic

NaCr[Si2O6]

2.5 – 3.5

Burma

Melinophane

Trigonal

(Ca,Na)2Be[(Si,Al)2O6(F,OH)].

1.593 –

1.614

0.019

Negative

3.5

Norway

Mesolite

Monoclinic

Na2 Ca2 Al6 Si9 O30 8H2 O

2.2 – 2.4

5 – 5.5

New Mexico U.S.A.

Meteorite

Brown Iron

Algeria

Microcline

Triclinic

KAlSi3O8

1.522 – 1.530

0.008

Negative

2.56 – 2.58

6.5

U.S.A.

Microlite

Cubic

(Na,Ca)2Ta2O6(O,OH,F).

4.3 – 5.7

5 – 5.5

U.S.A.

Milarite

Hexagonal

K2Ca4AI2Be4Si24O60·(H2O)

1.529-1.548

1.532-1.551

0.0030-0.0160

2.52

Monazite

Monoclinic

SmPO4.

4.6 – 5.7

5 – 5.5

India

Montebrasite

Triclinic

LiAl(PO4)(OH,F).

2.98 – 3.1

5 – 5.5

Brazil

Moonstone

Triclinic

KAISi3O8

1.520 – 1.525

2.56 – 2.59

6 – 6.5

India Cylon ( Sri Lanka )

Moonstone Cat eye

Triclinic

KAISi3O9

2.34 – 2.39

2.56 – 2.59

6 – 6.5

India Cylon ( Sri Lanka )

Mosaik Jasper

Hexagonal

Brazil

Mosandrite

Monoclinic

(Ca,Ce,Y)4(Ti,Nb,Zr)(Si2O7)2(O,F)2F3.

3.29

Canada

Moss Agate

Hexagonal

SiO2

3.58 – 4.06

U.S.A.

Musgravite

Hexagonal

(Mg,Fe2+,Zn)2Al6BeO12

3.6 – 3.62

8 – 8.5

Australia, Mexico

Narsarsukite

Tetragonal

Na2(Ti,Fe+++)Si4(O,F)11.

2.6 – 2.8

6 — 7

U.S.A.

Natrolite

Orthorhomic

Na2[Al2Si3O10]•2(H2O).

1.480 – 1.493

0.013

Positive

2.20 – 2.25

5.5

U.S.A.

Neptunite

Trigonal

KNa2Li(Fe++,Mn)

1.69 – 1.74

0.027

Negative

3.23

5.5

U.S.A.

Nifontovite

Monoclinic

Ca3B6O6(OH)12•2(H2O).

2.36

3.5

Fuka Mine, Bicchu Town

Obsidian

Volcanic Glass

Volcanic glass

1.48 – 1.51

2.33 – 2.42

Volcanic Glass

Oligoclase

Triclinic

NaAlSi3 O8

1.542 – 1.549

0.005

Negative

2.56

Madagascar

Onyx

Trigonal

SiO2

1.522

0.007

Negative

2.62 – 2.65

6 – 6.5

U.S.A. Canada

Opal

Amorphous

SiO2•n(H2O).

1.44 – 1.46

1.98 – 2.25

5.5 – 6.5

Australia

Opal Black

Amorphous

SiO2•n(H2O).

1.44 – 1.46

1.98 – 2.25

5.5 – 6.5

Australia

Opal Blue

Amorphous

SiO2•n(H2O).

1.44 – 1.46

1.98 – 2.25

5.5 – 6.5

Peru

Opal Boulder Opal

Amorphous

SiO2•n(H2O).

1.44 – 1.46

1.98 – 2.25

5.5 – 6.5

Australia

Opal Dendritic Opal

Amorphous

SiO2•n(H2O).

1.44 – 1.46

1.98 – 2.25

5.5 – 6.5

Opal Doublet

Amorphous

SiO2•n(H2O).

1.44 – 1.46

1.98 – 2.25

5.5 – 6.5

Opal Ephiopia

Amorphous

SiO2•n(H2O).

1.44 – 1.46

1.98 – 2.25

5.5 – 6.5

Ephiopia

Opal Honey Color Cateye

Amorphous

SiO2•n(H2O).

1.44 – 1.46

1.98 – 2.25

5.5 – 6.5

Australia

Opal Iron

Amorphous

SiO2•n(H2O).

1.44 – 1.46

1.98 – 2.25

5.5 – 6.5

Australia

Opal Mexican

Amorphous

SiO2•n(H2O).

1.44 – 1.46

1.98 – 2.25

5.5 – 6.5

Mexico

Opal Tanzanian

Amorphous

SiO2•n(H2O).

1.44 – 1.46

1.98 – 2.25

5.5 – 6.5

Tanzania

Opal Wood

Amorphous

SiO2•n(H2O).

1.44 – 1.46

1.98 – 2.25

5.5 – 6.5

Australia

Otherclase

Monoclinic

Fe2O3

1.52 – 1.53

2.56

Madagascar

Painite

Hexagonal

CaZrB[Al9O18].

Burma (Myanmar)

Parisite

Hexagonal

Ca(Nd,Ce,La)2(CO3)3F2.

4.2 – 4.3

4.5

Narssarssuk Greenland

Pectolite

Triclinic

NaCa2Si3O8(OH).

1.593 – 1.633

0.038

Positive

2.74 – 2.88

New Jersey, U.S.A.

Periclase

Isometric

Mg O;

3.60

5.5

Ronneburg Germany

Peridot Burma Brown

Orthorhomic

(Mg, Fe)2SiO4,

1.654 – 1.671

1.689

0.036

3.3 – 3.4

6.5

Burma (Myanmar)

Peridot Ceylon (Sri Lanka)

Orthorhomic

(Mg, Fe)2SiO4,

3.3 – 3.4

6.5

Ceylon (Sri – Lanka)

Peridot Czechoslovakia

Orthorhomic

(Mg, Fe)2SiO4,

3.3 – 3.4

6.5

Czechoslovakia

Peridot Egypt

Orthorhomic

(Mg, Fe)2SiO4,

3.3 – 3.4

6.5

Egypt

Peridot Norway

Orthorhomic

(Mg, Fe)2SiO4,

3.3 – 3.4

6.5

Norway

Peridot Pakistan

Orthorhomic

(Mg, Fe)2SiO4,

3.3 – 3.4

6.5

Pakistan

Peridot Tanzania

Orthorhomic

(Mg, Fe)2SiO4,

3.3 – 3.4

6.5

Tanzania

Peridot U.S.A

Orthorhomic

(Mg, Fe)2SiO4,

3.3 – 3.4

6.5

U.S.A

Petalite

Monoclinic

LiAlSi4O10.

1.504 – 1.516

2.43

6 – 6.5

Brazil

Petalite -Color- Change

Monoclinic

LiAlSi4O10.

2.43

6 – 6.5

Zimbabwe

Pezzottaite

Trigonal

Cs(Be2Li)

2.97

Argentina

Phenacite

Trigonal

Be2 SiO4 …

1.654 – 1.670

0.016

Positive

2.95 -2.97

7.5 – 8

Brazil

Phosgenite

Tetragonal

(COCl2),

6.30

Germany

Phosphophyllite

Monoclinic

Zn2 (Fe+2,Mn+2) (PO4)2 4H2 O

3.10

3 – 3.5

Bolivia

Pollucite

Cubic

(Cs,Na)2Al2Si4O12•(H2O).

1.517 – 1.525

2.85 – 2.84

6.5

Italy

Poudretteit

Hexagonal

Fe2O3

Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec

Powellite

Tetragonal

CaMoO4.

1.517 – 1.525

4.2 – 4.3

3.5 – 4

Idaho U.S.A.

Prehnite

Orthorhomic

Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2.

1.61 – 1.64

0.03

Positive

2.80 – 2.95

United Kindon, South Africa

Proustite

Trigonal

Ag3AsS3

5.60

2 – 2.5

Peru

Pseudomalachite

Monoclinic

CuO

Congo

Psilomelane

Monoclinic

(Ba,H2O)2Mn5O10.

4.4 – 4.5

5 – 5.5

Klondike. Santa Teresa Mountains. Graham County, Arizona U.S.A.

Purpurite

Orthorhomic

Mn+++PO4.

3.30

4 – 4.5

Arkansas u.s.a.

Pyrargyrite

Trigonal

Ag3SbS3

5.8

2.5 – 3

Mexico

Pyrite

Cubic

FeS2.

5.0 -5.2

China, Italy

Pyromorphite

Hexagonal

Pb5(PO4)3Cl.

3.5 – 4

U.S.A.

Pyrophyllite

Monoclinic & Triclinic

Pb5(PO4)3Cl.

2.65 – 2.85

1 – 1.5

Vietnam

Pyroxmangite

Triclinic

(Mn,Fe++)SiO3.

3.79

5.5 – 6

Japan

Quarts Chalcedony

Trigonal

Al2Si4O10(OH)2.

1.54

0.009

Positive

2.6 – 2.7

Brazil

Quartz Agate

Trigonal

Al2Si4O10(OH)2.

1.54

0.009

Positive

2.6 – 2.7

Brazil

Quartz Amertrine Quartz

Trigonal

Al2Si4O10(OH)2.

1.54

1.009

Positive

2.6 – 2.7

Brazil

Quartz Amethyst

Trigonal

Al2Si4O10(OH)2.

1.54

2.009

Positive

2.6 – 2.7

Brazil

Quartz Averturine

Trigonal

Al2Si4O10(OH)2.

1.54

3.009

Positive

2.6 – 2.7

Brazil

Quartz Citrine

Trigonal

Al2Si4O10(OH)2.

1.54

4.009

Positive

2.6 – 2.7

Brazil

Quartz Prasiolite

Trigonal

Al2Si4O10(OH)2.

1.54

5.009

Positive

2.6 – 2.7

Brazil

Quartz Rock Crystal

Trigonal

Al2Si4O10(OH)2.

1.54

6.009

Positive

2.6 – 2.7

Brazil

Quartz Rose Quartz

Trigonal

Al2Si4O10(OH)2.

1.54

7.009

Positive

2.6 – 2.7

Brazil

Quartz Rutilalted

Trigonal

Al2Si4O10(OH)2.

1.54

8.009

Positive

2.6 – 2.7

Brazil

Quartz Smokey

Trigonal

Al2Si4O10(OH)2.

1.54

9.009

Positive

2.6 – 2.7

Brazil

Quartz Tiger eye

Trigonal

Al2Si4O10(OH)2.

1.54

10.009

Positive

2.6 – 2.7

Africa

Quartz Tourmailne in Quartz

Trigonal

Al2Si4O10(OH)2.

1.54

11.009

Positive

2.6 – 2.7

Brazil

Quartz with Rutil

Trigonal

Al2Si4O10(OH)2.

1.54

12.009

Positive

2.6 – 2.7

Brazil

Realgar

Monoclinic

AsS.

3.5 – 3.6

1.5 – 2

Nevada U.S.A.

Rhodonite

Triclinic

MnCO3.

1.73

0.01

Positive

3.37 – 3.70

5.5 – 6

Broken Hill Australia

Rhodizite

Cubic

(K,Cs)Al4Be4

1.69

3.40

Madagascar

Rhodochrosite

Trigonal

MnCO3

1.60 – 1.82

0.33

Negitive

3.5 – 3.65

Argentina

Richterite

Monoclinic

Na(CaNa)(Mg,Fe++)5[Si8O22](OH)2.

2.9 – 3.3

5 — 6

SAN VITO, MONTE SOMMA, NAPLES, CAMPANIE; Country of Origin ITALIE

Ruby

Trigonal

SiO2..nH2O

1.760 – 1.768

1.770 – 1.779

0.008 – 0.010

Negitive

3.90

Africa, Burma, Ceylon,

Ruby in Zoisite

Orthorhomic

Ca2Al3(Sio4)3(OH)

Tanzania

Rutile

Tetragonal

TiO2.

2.62 – 2.90

0.0287

Positive

4.20

6 — 6.5

North Carolina U.S.A.

Samarskite

Orthorhomic

(Y,Fe+++,U)(Nb,Ta)5O4.

2.21

4.1 – 6-20

5 — 6

Tanzania

Sanbornite

Orthorhomic

BaSi2O5.

3.80

Big Creek, Fresno County U.S.A.

Sanidine

Monoclinic

(K,Na)(Si,Al)4O8.

2.53

India

Sapphire

Hexagonal

SiO2..nH2O

2.62 – 2.90

0.0287

Positive

4.20

Ceylon (Sri Lanka) Burma Myanmar

Sapphire Star

Hexagonal

SiO2..nH2O

2.62 – 2.90

0.0287

Positive

4.20

Ceylon (Sri Lanka) Burma Myanmar

Sapphirine

Trigonal

Mg4Ga8Ge2O20,

1.705 – 1.711

0.006

3.50

Ceylon (Sri Lanka)

Scapolite Yellow

Trigonal

Na2O

1.548 – 1.568

0.02

Negative

2.60 – 2.71

Tanzania

Scapolite Cateye White & Pink

Trigonal

Na2O

1.544 – 1.560

0.02

Negative

2.60 – 2.71

Buma Myanmar

Scheelite

Tetragonal

CaWO4

1.918 – 1.934

0.016

Positive

5.9 -6.1

4.5 – 5

Japan, Korea. U.S.A.

Scolecite

Monoclinic

CaAl2Si3O10•3(H2O).

2.20

U.S.A.

Scorzalite

Monoclinic

(Fe,Mg)Al2(PO4)2(OH)2.

3.40

U.S.A.

Selenite

Monoclinic

CaSO4-2(H2O),

2.30

Auckland New Zealand

Serendibite

Triclinic

Ca2(Mg,Al)6(Si,Al,B)6O20.

3.46

6 — 7

U.S.A.

Serpentine

Monoclinic

(Mg,Fe,Ni,Al,Zn,Mn)2-3(Si,Al,Fe)2O5(OH)4.

1.57

Negative

2.2 – 2.6

3 – 4.5

Warren County, New York. U.S.A.

Shortite

Orthorhomic

Na2Ca2(CO3)3.

2.61

WYOMING U.S.A.

Siderite

Trigonal – Hexagonal

Fe++CO3.

3.90

3.5 – 4.5

Canada, Brazil

Simpsonite

Trigonal

Al4(Ta,Nb)3O13(OH).

6.35

7 – 7.5

Brazil

Sinhalite

Orthorhomic

MgAlBO4.

1.67 – 1.71

0.038

Negative

3.47 – 3.49

6.5

Ceylon (Sri Lanka)

smithsonite

Trigonal

Zn CO3

4.40

4 – 4.5

Tsumeb S.W.Africa

Sodalite

Isometric

Na8Al6Si6O24Cl2

1.48

2.1 – 2.3

5.5

Greenland,

Sodalite uv color change

Isometric

Na8Al6Si6O24Cl2

1.48

2.1 – 2.3

5.5

Greenland,

Soudé Emerlad

Man Made

Sphaerocobaltite

Hexagonal

CoCO3

4.2

ALLEMAGNE

Sphalerite

Isometric

(Zn,Fe)S

3.5 – 4

Spain

Sphene

Monoclinic

CaTiSiO5.

1.883 – 1.990

1.915 – 2.050

0.105 – 0.135

Positive

3.52 – 3.54

5.5

U.S.A, Mexico

Sphene Chrome

Monoclinic

CaTiSiO5.

3.52 – 3.54

5.5

U.S.A, Mexico

Spinel

Cubic

MgAl2O4

1.72

3.58 – 3.61

Buma Myanmar, Ceylon (Sri Lanka)

Spodumine Kunzite

Monoclinic

LiAl(SiO)

1.660 – 1.73

0.013

Positive

3.17 – 3.19

Brazil.

Spodumine Hiddenite

Monoclinic

LiAl(SiO)

1.660 – 1.74

1.013

Positive

3.17 – 3.20

Brazil.

Stauroite

Monoclinic

YC28

1.739 -1.750

0.011 – 0.015

Positive

3.65 – 3.78

7 – 7.5

Switzerland

Stellerite

Orthorhomic

CaAl2Si7O18•7(H2O).

2.20

3.5

Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria

Stibiotantalite

Orthorhomic

SbTaO4

7.57

5.5

Japan

Strontium Titanate

Man Made

SrTiO3

2.41

5.13

Stichtite

Trigonal

Mg6 Cr2 (CO3) (OH)16 4H2 O

1.52 – 1.55

0.037

Ngative

2.15 – 2.22

2.5

DUNDAS, TASMANIE AUSTRALIA

Stolzite

Trigonal

PbWO4.

8.05

2.5 – 3

Arizona U.S.A.

Sturmanite

Trigonal

Ca6(Fe+++,Al,Mn++)2(SO4)2[B(OH)4](OH)12•25(H2O).

1.8

2.5

South Africa

Sugilite

Hexagonal

KNa2(Fe+++,Mn+++,Al)2Li3Si12O30.

2.75 – 2.8

6 — 6.5

Japan

Sulphur

Orthorhomic

2 – 2.1

Nevada, USA

Sunstone

Triclinic

(Na,Ca)Al1-2Si3-2O8

1.518-1.552

2.63 – 2.67

Oregon U.S.A.

Sussexite

Monoclinic

MnBO2(OH)

1.67-1.73

3.38

Sterling Mine, Ogdensburg, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA. …

Taaffeite

Hexagonal

Mg3Al8BeO16.

1.718 -1722

0.004

3.60

8 – 8.5

Ceylon (Sri Lanka)

Tantalite

Orthorhomic

MnTa2O6

5.18 – 8.20

6 – 6.5

Tanzanite

Orthorhomic

Ca2Al3(SiO4)OH

1.692 – 1.70

0.006 – 0.018

3.1 – 3.38

6 – 6.5

Tanzania

Tapiolite

Tetragonal

(Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)

2.27 – 2.42

7.9

6 – 6.5

Finland

Tatrahedrite

Isometric

(Cu,Fe)12Sb4S13.

1.816

4.01

7.5

Tektite Brown

Amorphous

Metroite: Glass

1.49 – 1.53

2.36 – 2.51

the Metor’s Falls from Australia to Zanzbar

Tektite Libian Desart

Amorphous

Metroite: Glass

1.46

2.21

Libia

Tektite Moldavite

Amorphous

Metroite: Glass

1.48 – 1.50

2.34 – 2.39

Czech Republic

Thaumasite

Hexagonal

Ca6 Si2 (CO3)2 (SO4)2 (OH)12 24H2 O

1.45-1.50

1.9

3.5

San Bernardino County, California U.S.A.

Thenardite

Orthorhomic

Na2SO4

1.46-1.48

2.7

2.5 – 3

Searles Lake, San Bernardino County, California.U.S.A.

Thomsonite

Orthorhomic

NaCa2Al5Si5O20•6(H2O).

1.52 – 1.54

0.028

Positive

2-3 – 2.4

U.S.A

Thorite

Trigonal

ThSiO4.

4 – 6.7

4.5 – 5

U.S.A

Thulite

Orthorhomic

(Ca,Mn)2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH).

1.700 – 1.706

0.006

Negative

3.09 – 3.12

Austia

Tilleyite

Monoclinic

Ca5Si2O7(CO3)2

1.60-1.65

5.50

5.5

U.S.A

Titanite

Monoclinic

(Ti0.88

1.84-2.11

3.3 – 3.6

5 – 5.5

ALLEMAGNE, Morocco

Topaz Blue

Orthorhomic

Al2SiO4(F,OH)2.

1.610 – 1.20

0.01

Positive

3.56

Brazil

Topaz Colerless

Orthorhomic

Al2SiO4(F,OH)2.

1.630 – 1.638

0.008

Positive

3.53

Nigeria, Sri Lanka

Topaz Pink

Orthorhomic

Al2SiO4(F,OH)2.

1.630 – 1.638

0.008

Positive

3.53

Brazil

Topaz Yellow

Orthorhomic

Al2SiO4(F,OH)2.

1.630 – 1.638

0.008

Positive

3.53

Brazil

Tourmailine Vanadium

Trigonal

SiOz, Al:Oa, CaO, K2O, TiO2, MnO, Cr:Oa and BaO. MgO and PzOs

1.616 – 1.634

0.014

Negitive

3.00 –

3.12

Tanzania

Tourmailine Chrome

Trigonal

3.06

Brazil

Tourmaline

Trigonal

(Na,Ca) (Mg,Li,Al,Fe2+,Fe3+)3 (Al,Mg,Cr)6 B3 Si6 (OH,O,F)4

3.06

Brazil

Tourmaline Cat eye

Trigonal

(Na,Ca) (Mg,Li,Al,Fe2+,Fe3+)3 (Al,Mg,Cr)6 B3 Si6 (OH,O,F)4

3.06

Brazil

Tourquoise

Triclinic

CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8•4(H2O).

1.61 – 1.65

0.04

Positive

2.6 – 2.85

5.5 – 6

Pursia ( Iran )

Tremolite

Monoclinic

Ca2 (Mg,Fe+2)5 Si8 O22 (OH)2

1.60 – 1.62

0.02

Negative

2.98

5.5 – 6

Swizerland, New York USA

Triphane

Monoclinic

LiAlSi2O6

1.660-1.681

3.18

5.6 – 7

Pakistan

Triphylite

Orthorhombic

LiFe++PO4

1.689-1.702

3.58

4 — 5

Congo

Triplite

monoclinic

(Mn,Fe)2(PO4)(F,OH)

3.55-3.87

5-5.5

Trona

Monoclinic

Na3(CO3)(HCO3)•2(H2O).

1.41-1.54

3.99 -4.02

Turkey

Tugtupite

Trigonal

Na4AlBeSi4O12Cl

1.496-1.502

2.36

Grenland

Tychite

Isometeric octahedral crystal

Na6Mg2(CO3)4(SO4)

2.58

2.5

Uganda

Ulexite Television Stone

Monoclinic

NaCaB5O6(OH)6-5H2O

1.49-1.51

2.9 – 3.

Turkey

Ulexite Cat Eye

Triclinic

NaCaB5O6(OH)6•5(H2O).

1.51

2.9 – 3.

Turkey

Ussingite

Triclinic

Na2AlSi3O8(OH).

1.504-1.545

2.48

6.5

Kola Pen. RUSSIA

Vanadinite

Hexagonal

Pb5 (VO4)3 Cl

2.35-2.41

6.7-7.2

2.5-3

Mexico

Variscite

Orthorhombic

AlPO4•2(H2O).

1.56-1.59

2.57

3.5

MESSBACH, PLAUEN, VOITLAND-SAXE; ALLEMAGNE

Vayrynenite

monoclinic

MeBe(PO$)(OH,F)

3.183-3.215

Verdite

Monoclinic

1.58

2.5 – 2.65

Central African Republic, and Togo

Villiaumite

Isometric Hexoctahedral

1.326

2.79-2.8

2.5

Violane

Trigonal

Fe2O3

1.67 – 1.70

0.03

Positive

3.23

5.5

U.S.A.

Vivianite

Monoclinic

Fe++3(PO4)2•8(H2O).

1.580 – 1.627

2.58 – 2.68

1.5 – 2

AGNES, CORNOUAILLES; ANGLETERRE

Vlasovite

Monoclinic

Na2ZrSi4O11.

1.67-1.70

2.97

LOVOZERO, PENINSULE DE KOLA; RUSSIE

Wardite

Trigonal

NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4•2(H2O).

1.580-1.627

2.8

Clay Canyon, Fairfield, Utah County, Utah, USA.

Weloganite

Trigonal

Sr3Na2Zr(CO3)6•3(H2O).

1.60-1.62

6.1

MICHEL, ILE DE MONTREAL, QUEBEC; Country of Origin/Pays : CANADA

Wernerite

Tetragonal

1.59-1.60

2.5 – 2.7

5.5 – 6

Grenville, Quebec Canada

Whewellite

Monoclinic

Ca(C2O4)•(H2O).

1.55-1.64

2.23

2.5

Germany

Willemite

Trigonal

Zn2SiO4

1.570-1.549

0.028

Positive

3.89 – 4.18

5.5

U.S.A. Namibia

Witherite

Orthorhombic

BaCO3.

1.532 – 1.680

0.148

Negative

4.27 – 4.35

3.5

U.S.A. United Kindom

Wollastonite

Monoclinic

CaSiO3

1.574

3.04 – 3.17

5 — 6

Canada

Wulfenite

Tetragonal

PbMoO4

2.304 – 2.402

6.7 – 7.0

2.5 – 3

U.S.A. , Mexico Russia, Namibia

Yugawaralite

monoclinic

1.512-1.532

1.515-1.542

2.23

4.5

Zincite

Tetragonal

(Zn,Mn)O

2.304 – 2.402

5.66

4 – 4.5

New Jersey Franklin U.S.A.

Zircon High

Tetragonal

ZrSiO4.

1.95 – 1.984

4.67 – 4.7

7-7.5

Sri Lanka Madagascar Australia Thailand, Nepal, Namibia, Myanmar, Kenia India, Tanzania

Zircon Low

Tetragonal

ZrSiO4.

1.78 – 1.81

3.95 – 4.10

6.5

Sri Lanka Madagascar Australia Thailand, Nepal, Namibia, Myanmar, Kenia India, Tanzania

Zoisite

Triclinic

Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) = Ca2AlAl2(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH).

1.696 – 1700

0.006 – 0.018

3.10 – 3.36

6 –7

Tanzania

Zultanite

Tetragonal

MnO

1.20-3

Positive

3.29

5.5

Turkey

Stone Name:

Crystal System:

Chemical Composition:

R.I.

Birefringence:

Optic Sign

Optic character

S.G:

Pleochrism:

Country of Origin: